![]() ![]() BBC News 5-3-1999: 'Sensational' anti-matter discovery ( ) ".The phenomenon they think they spotted is technically called direct Charge-Parity (CP) violation.LHCB: Everything you ever wanted to know about CP violation and never dared to ask ( ).2 UniSci: Quantum Gravitational States Observed For First Time ( ) Citat: ".The researchers report seeing a minimum (quantum) energy of 1.4 picoelectron volts (1.4 x 10^-12 eV).".22 August, 2001, BBCNews: Physicists make 'strange' matter ( ).UniSci: Anti-Proton Mass And Charge Measured For First Time ( ) Citat: ".In this case, the values agree with those of the proton (allowing for the opposite charge) to within 60 parts per billion.". ![]() Number 644 #1, June 30, 2003, Physics News Update: A Five-Quark State Has Been Discovered ( ).Jose Galvez: Chapter 1 Electrodynamics (pdf) ( ).Annotated Physics Encyclopædia: Quantum Field Theory ( ).University of California: Particle Data Group ( ).In addition to the electron, all three types of neutrino are stable. Until recently neutrinos were thought to have zero rest mass their masses are much smaller than the masses of any other subatomic particles. The only known leptons are electrons, muons, tauons and neutrinos. Leptons are not composed of quarks, but are elementary particles (no smaller constituent is currently known). The antiparticles of mesons are other mesons. They have a rest mass starting with 140 MeV for the lightest mesons, the pion. There are no stable mesons the most stable have half lives on the order of nanoseconds. Mesons are composed of a normal quark and an antiquark, which gives them baryon number zero. Every baryon has an antiparticle composed of three antiquarks. The proton and neutron are the only stable baryons (and the neutron is only stable inside atomic nuclei). Baryons are composed of three quarks and have a large rest mass for subatomic particles. They are divided into two classes: baryons and mesons. Hadrons are particles composed of quarks. The proton and neutron are both composed of two kinds of elementary subatomic particles: the up and down quarks (symbols u and d). Neutrons (symbol n) are also found in nuclei and are responsible for differing isotopes of atoms neutrons are electrically neutral and have slightly greater mass than protons. Protons (symbol p + ) are found in atomic nuclei a proton is about the same mass as a hydrogen atom and carries a positive charge equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to an electron. The configuration (and consequently the behaviour) of the electron(s) is responsible for the chemistry of atoms an electron has 1/1836 the mass of a hydrogen atom and a negative charge. The space (or orbital(s)) containing the electron (symbol e - ), or electrons, makes up the bulk of an atom's volume. The only subatomic particles found in ordinary atoms are the electron, proton and neutron. ![]()
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